CONJUCTION

1.       USING PAIRED CONJUCTION

þ  both ... and                                                                                                                                                                          þ  not only ... but also

þ  either ... or                                                                                                                                                                           þ  neither ... nor

(a)    Both my mother and my sister are here. (b)   Not only my mother but also my sister is here. (c)    Not only my sister but also my parents are here. (d)   Neither my mother nor my sister is here. (e)   Neither my sister nor my parents are here.	Two subjects connected by both... and take a plural verb. When two subjects are connected by not only... but also, either ... or, neither... nor, the subject that is closer to the verb determines whether the verb is singular or plural.
(f)     The research project will take both time and money. (g)    Yesterday it not only rained but (also) snowed. (h)   I’ll take either Chemistry or physics next quarter. (i)      That book is neither interesting nor accurate.	Notice the parallel structure in the examples. The same grammatical form should follow each word of the pair. In (f): both + noun+and +noun In (g): not only + verb + but also + verb In (h) : either + noun + or +noun In (i) : neither + adjective + nor + adjective

SUMMARY LIST OF WORDS USED TO INTRODUCE ADVERB CLAUSES
TIME	CAUSE & EFFECT	OPPOSITION	CONDITION
After Before When While As By the time (that) Since Until As soon as Once As/so long as Whenever Everytime (that) The first time (that) The last time (that) The next time (that)	Because Since for as Now that As/so long as Inasmuch as So (that) In order that	Eventhough Although Though Whereas while	if unless only if whether or not even if prividing (that) provided (that) in case (that) in the event (that)

2.       SHOWING TIME

After	(a)   After she graduates, she will get a job. (b)   After she (had) graduated, she got a job.	A present tense, not a future tense, is used in an adverb clause of time.
Before	(c)    I will leave before he comes. (d)   I (had) left before he came.
When	(e)    When I arrived, he was talking on the phone. (f)     When I got there, he had already left. (g)   When it began to rain, I stood under a tree. (h)   When I was in Chicago, I visited the museum. (i)      When  I see him tomorrow, I will ask him.	When = at that time
While As	(j)     While I was walking home, it began to rain. (k)    As I was walking home, it began to rain.	While, as = during that time
By the time	(l)      By the time he arrived, we had already left. (m) By the time he comes, we will have left.	By the time = one ivent is completed before another event. (Notice the use of past perfect and future perfect in the main clause) ·         Past perfect +by the time + simple past ·         Future perfect +by the time + simple present
Since	(n)   I haven’t seen him since he left this morning.	Since = from that time to the present. Present perfect + since+ simple past
Until till	(o)   We stayed there until we finished our work. (p)   We stayed there till we finished our work.	Untill, till = to that time and then no longer.
As soon as Once	(q)   As soon as it stops raining, we will leave. (r)     Once it stops raining we will leave.	As soon as, once = when one event happens, another event happens soon afterwards.
As long as So long as	(s)    I will never speak to him again as long as I live. (t)     I will never speak to him again so long as I live.	As long as, so long as = during all that time, from beginning to end
Whenever Every time	(u)   Whenever I see her, I say hello. (v)    Every time I see her, I say hello.	Whenever = every time
The first time The last time The next time	(w)  The first time I went to New York, I went to an opera. (x)    I saw two plays the last time I went to New York. (y)    The next time I go to New York, I’m going to see a ballet.	Adverb clauses can be introduced by :                                 First                                 Second The         third                      time                                 Last                                 next

“AFTER “ and “AFTERWARDS”

(a)    After I ate dinner, I took a walk. I took a walk after I ate dinner. (b)   I ate dinner. Afterwards, I took a walk. I ate dinner. I took a walk afterwards.

After can be used to introduce an adverb clause. Afterwards is an adverb meaning “later, after that”

3.       SHOWING CAUSE AND EFFECT

Because	(a)    Because  he was sleepy, he went to bed. (b)   He went to bed because he was sleepy.	An adverb clause may precede or follow the independet clause. Notice the punctuation.
Since	(c)    Since he’s not interested in classical music, he decided not to go to the concert.	In (c): since means because.
Now that	(d)   Now that the semester is finished, I’m going to rest a few days and then take a trip.	In (d): now that means because now. Now that  is used for present and future situation.
as	(e)   As she had nothing in particular to do, she called up a friend ad asked her if she wanted to take in a movie.	In (e): as means because
As/so long as	(f)     As long as (So long as) you’re not busy, could you help me with this work?	In (f): as long as means because.
Inasmuch as	(g)   Inasmuch as the two government leaders could not reach an agreement, the possibilities for peace are still remote.	In (g): inasmuch as means because. Inasmuch as is usually found only in formal writing and speech.

4.       SHOWING OPPOSITION

Eventhough Although Though	(a)    Eventhough it was cold, I went swimming. (b)   Although it was cold, I went swimming. (c)    Though it was cold, I went swimming.	Eventhough, although and though are used to express unexpected result.
Nevertheles However	(d)   It was cold. Nevertheless, I went swimming. (e)   It was cold. However, I went swimming.	Nevertheless and However are used as transition words.
Despite In spite of	(f)     I went swimming despite the cold weather. (g)    I went swimming in spite of the cold weather.	Despite /in spite of + Noun Phrase
Whereas While	(h)   Mary is rich, whereas John is poor. (i)      Mary is rich, while John is poor. (j)     John is poor, while Mary is rich. (k)    Whereas Mary is rich, John is poor.	Whereas and While are used to show direct opposition: “this” is exactly the opposite of “that”.

5.       SHOWING CONDITIONS

If	(a)    If it rains, the streets get wet. (b)   If it rains tomorrow, I will take my umbrella.	“If clauses”(also called adverb clauses of condition) present possible conditions.
Whether or not	(c)    I’m going to go swimming tomorrow whether or not it is cold. (OR: whether it  is cold or not.)	Whether or not expresses the idea that neither this condition nor that condition matters; the result will be the same. In (c): If it is cold, I’m going swimming. If it is not cold, I’m going swimming. I don’t care about the temperature. I doesn’t matter.
Even if	(d)   I’m going to go swimming tomorrow even if it is cold.	Even if = whether or not
Unless	(e)   I’ll go swimming tomorrow unless it’s cold. (f)     I’ll go swimming tomorrow if it’s not cold.	Unless = if ... not... In (a): unless it’s cold = if it’s not cold. (a)                and (b) have the same meaning
Only if	(g)    The picnic will be cancelled only if it rains. If it’s windy, we’ll go on the picnic. If it’s cold, we’ll go on the picnic. If it’s damp and foggy, we’ll go on the picnic. If it’s very hot, we’ll go on the picnic. (h)   Only if it rains, will the picnic be cancelled.	Only if expresses the idea that there is only one condition that will cause a particular result. In (s), when only if begins a sentence, the subject and verb of the main clause are inverted.
Providing/ provided (that)	(i)      Providing/provided (that) no one has any further questions, the meeting will be adjourned.	Providing/provided (that) = if or only if